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Glycoprotein Definition and Function

A glycoprotein is a type of protein molecule that has had a carbohydrate attached to it. The process either occurs during protein translation or as a posttranslational modification in a process called glycosylation. The carbohydrate is an oligosaccharide chain (glycan) that is covalently bonded to the polypeptide side chains of the protein. Because of the -OH groups of sugars, glycoproteins are more hydrophilic than simple proteins. This means glycoproteins are more attracted to water than ordinary proteins. The hydrophilic nature of the molecule also leads to the characteristic folding of the proteins tertiary structure. The carbohydrate is a short molecule, often branched, and may consist of: simple sugars (e.g., glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose)amino sugars (sugars that have an amino group, such as N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine)acidic sugars (sugars that have a carboxyl group, such as sialic acid or N-acetylneuraminic acid) O-Linked and N-Linked Glycoproteins Glycoproteins are categorized according to the attachment site of the carbohydrate to an amino acid in the protein. O-linked glycoproteins are ones in which the carbohydrate bonds to the oxygen atom (O) of the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the R group of either the amino acid threonine or serine. O-linked carbohydrates may also bond to hydroxylysine or hydroxyproline. The process is termed O-glycosylation. O-linked glycoproteins are bound to sugar within the Golgi complex.N-linked glycoproteins have a carbohydrate bonded to the nitrogen (N) of the  amino group (-NH2) of the R group of the amino acid asparagine. The R group is usually the amide side chain of asparagine. The bonding process is called N-glycosylation. N-linked glycoproteins gain their sugar from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and then are transported to the Golgi complex for modification. While O-linked and N-linked glycoproteins are the most common forms, other connections are also possible: P-glycosylation occurs when the sugar attaches to the phosphorus of phosphoserine.C-glycosylation is when the sugar attaches to the carbon atom of an amino acid. An example is when the sugar mannose bonds to the carbon in tryptophan.Glypiation is when a  glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipid attaches to the carbon terminus of a polypeptide. Glycoprotein Examples and Functions Glycoproteins function in the structure, reproduction, immune system, hormones, and protection of cells and organisms. Glycoproteins are found on the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Their hydrophilic nature allows them to function in the aqueous environment, where they act in cell-cell recognition and binding of other molecules. Cell surface glycoproteins are also important for cross-linking cells and proteins (e.g., collagen) to add strength and stability to a tissue. Glycoproteins in plant cells are what allows plants to stand upright against the force of gravity. Glycosylated proteins are not just critical for  intercellular communication. They also help organ systems communicate with each other. Glycoproteins are found in brain gray matter, where they work together with axons and synaptosomes. Hormones  may be glycoproteins. Examples include human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and erythropoietin (EPO). Blood clotting depends on the glycoproteins prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrinogen. Cell markers may be glycoproteins. The MN blood groups are due to two polymorphic forms of the glycoprotein glycophorin A. The two forms differ only by two amino acid residues, yet that is enough to cause problems for persons receiving an organ donated by someone with a different blood group. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and H antigen of the ABO blood group are distinguished by glycosylated proteins. Glycophorin A is also important because its the attachment site for Plasmodium falciparum, a human blood parasite. Glycoproteins are important for reproduction because they allow for the binding of the sperm cell to the surface of the egg. Mucins are glycoproteins found in mucus. The molecules protect sensitive epithelial surfaces, including the respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts. The immune response relies on glycoproteins. The carbohydrate of antibodies (which are glycoproteins) determines the specific antigen it can bind. B cells and T cells have surface glycoproteins which bind antigens, as well. Glycosylation Versus Glycation Glycoproteins get their sugar from an enzymatic process that forms a molecule that would not function otherwise. Another process, called glycation, covalently bonds sugars to proteins and lipids. Glycation is not an enzymatic process. Often, glycation reduces or negates the function of the affected molecule. Glycation naturally occurs during aging and is accelerated in diabetic patients with high glucose levels in their blood. Sources Berg, Jeremy M., et al. Biochemistry. 5th ed., W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002, pp. 306-309.Ivatt, Raymond J. The Biology of Glycoproteins. Plenum Press, 1984.

I Am Today As An Adult - 1395 Words

Life transitions or turning points, no matter when they occur in our life, can shape our values and define our beliefs. When working with clients understanding our own life transitions, values we hold, and having our own self awareness can assist with giving our clients the best services possible. Learning about our client’s life transitions can also assist us to help them through difficult times. My own personal life transitions, developmental stages and theory, and themes in my own development which can influence my ability to effectively work with clients will be discussed throughout this paper. Who I am today as an adult began to emerge when I was thirteen however I denied the thoughts I had and chose a path that would be in my opinion at the time easier and more accepted. I couldn’t understand at this age why I was more physically and emotionally attracted to girls of my own age. I played the part of being heterosexual very well though. I had boyfriends, som e long term and some short term but I made sure no one would question my sexuality. My family didn’t discuss homosexuality, the church I attended discussed it in a negative way, and I watched my best friend Scott struggle with his own sexuality with many people being cruel to him throughout school. At this point I repressed the feelings and made up my mind to become the person I thought everyone wanted me to be and went on to get married to a man who ended up being verbally and physically abusive.Show MoreRelatedMy Parent s Relationship With My Parents1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe course of my parent’s relationship as I was growing up has a lot to do with how I view relationships; but aside from my parents, my mother’s family had a lot to do with some of the norms and values that I have today in regards to sexual relationships and sexuality. Along with learning about sexual relationships based on the view of my family, I also learned and have been affected i n my adult life about gender roles as well. My parents were my main source of learning about relationships. MyRead MoreThe Importance of School652 Words   |  3 PagesThe place where I developed into the person I am today is my school. Consider how important school is to a teenager. It is the social hub, a place for arts and athletics, and it is a place of learning. I put in what a working person would call a full shift, and by doing so I have learned a tremendous amount, not only in terms of my coursework, but in terms of interacting with others, learning what people expect of me, and learning how to be a better person, so that I am better prepared for collegeRead MoreErik Erickson Was A Man Who Made A Huge Contribution In884 Words   |  4 Pagestantrums, and stubbornness can also appear† (Davey 2). The third stage is Preschooler: 3 to 5 Years. During this stage, children have a desire to be like adults. â€Å"We make up stories with Barbie’s and Ken’s, toy phones and miniature cars, playing out rol es in a trial universe, experimenting with the blueprint for what we believe it means to be an adult† (Davey 2). The fourth stage is School Age Child: 6 to 12 Years. This is a very social stage in our development. â€Å"We are capable of learning, creatingRead MoreThe Attachment Styles And Relationship805 Words   |  4 Pagesresult shows that I am in the secure adult quadrant. I am strongly agree with the result since I was really honest when I was answering the questions. On the scale ranging from one to seven on anxiety, my score was one point eighty-three, and on the scale ranging from one to seven on avoidance, my score was two point twenty-two, which is pretty low. I think the attachment that I have today is linked to the way how I was raise, and whose I grew up with. Back in Vietnam when I was a kid, I have been toldRead MoreAm I the Same Self I was Ten Years Ago? Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pageslost, how will you be the same man? — Voltaire Perhaps even Voltaire took a look in the mirror and questioned the same things I ask myself every day. Who am I, and who will I become? Am I the same self I was ten years ago? Some philosophers may question, â€Å"Am I the same person that continues to exist overtime, despite changes in my body? How can we know that we are today, the persons we were last week?† These types of questions may seem superficial on the surface but deep down, it is the basis ofRead MoreInterview Questions1637 Words   |  7 Pagesevents do you think define an adult? Taking care of your house (paying bills, buying, groceries etc†¦) and doing what you want to do with your life without caring what other people think of you. 7 How old were you when you first moved out of your parents’ home for longer than four months? I still live at home 8 If the interviewee still lives at home, ask: a. What is the reason you live at home with your parents? Well I still live at home with my mom because I want a different type of lifeRead MoreYoung Adults Are Becoming Lost Arts Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesMany people today believe reading in young adults are becoming lost arts. Millennials have been perceived by news articles, older generations, and most of society that reading is a feature of the past. According to a study, mentioned later, done on a college campus maybe the older generations are terribly wrong. Reading is what morphs a person into who they. Maybe millennials are reading, but just not in the same manner or ways as older generations. My first experience with reading, that I can rememberRead MoreExample of Sociobiography806 Words   |  4 PagesTerri Weedman Sociobiography: What Shaped Me into Who I Am? My name is TerriWeedman; I was born Sept. 4th, 1991. Let me start by saying a lot has influenced who I am today people as well as events that have flipped my life upside down and molded me into a better, stronger person then who I was a few years ago. I am going to tell you about a few people who I extremely admire, and a couple that have failed me. My mother Jeanne has always raised me on a tight leash and taught me to have moralsRead MoreThe Workplace Between Men And Women914 Words   |  4 Pagessocial location. I am not an adult yet so I don’t have as many responsibilities as my parents do. This being said, I am not viewed the same way in society as an adult would be. Also, I am not old enough to vote which means I do not have a say on America’s future yet. My social location will most likely change in the next few months when I turn 18 and obtain more responsibilities in society. At this point in my life, being a woman has not affected my social location very much. Today, there is stillRead MoreMy Values Changed Over Time844 Words   |  4 PagesI am going to talk about my values today. My values have changed over time. Beginning at a young age I tended to go away from the Christian values that I was taught by my grandparents and parents. Early on in my life, I turned away from the hard working values that w as passed down by them. I was not taught to communicate my feelings when I was younger. I turned to drugs so I did not have to deal with feelings. I did not want to feel anything, so I used drugs and alcohol to escape reality. Early

The Passage Of The Kansas Nebraska Act - 1381 Words

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act in 1854 which allowed for slavery in areas in the Louisiana Purchase, many Northerners banded together to form the Republican Party in opposition to slavery and non-sectionalism. The election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency in 1860 caused many southern states to fear the abolition of slavery and its effects upon their livelihood. Lead by South Carolina, most of the southern cotton growing states seceded as well. When the time for war came, the North seemed ready. Five and a half million white Southerners faced a total white population of some twenty million. The Union boasted more than eight out of ten factories, more than 70 percent of railroad mileage, all the†¦show more content†¦In burying forever the notion that the Union was a compact of sovereign states, the war greatly expanded the powers of the national government and made it supreme in the federal system. The war also significantly enlarged pre sidential powers, particularly in wartime (Gineapp). The reconstruction era brought uncertainty to many non-whites in the south, with the formation of groups such as the Klu Klux Klan. The Fifteenth Amendment, an 1870 law that prohibited states from denying anyone the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, spurred the creation of secret white societies in the South. These organizations—the Pale Faces, the Ku Klux Klan, and others—terrorized blacks to keep them from voting, and many blacks were murdered by whites who had no fear of being prosecuted. As these organizations coalesced, their power in Southern communities reached frightening heights (â€Å"Civil War†). During the Civil War, the soldiers of the Confederacy and of the Union often tended to look down upon one another. In order to be able to kill someone, the soldiers had to think of that person as less than human, or else the guilt could be unbearable. After the 1860s, Civil War enthusiasts gave the war a glossy, clean, glorified look and feel. Both the North and the South are often presented as noble men fighting for their way of life against slavery, or for

MSG The Chemical and Biological Reactions Free Essays

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavorless chemical added to a variety of foods. While there is no 100 percent conclusive study that shows MSG as harmful, it is widely linked to seizures, chest pain, and other adverse side effects in adults and children. In this paper, I will show how the chemistry of MSG causes a negative biological reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on MSG: The Chemical and Biological Reactions or any similar topic only for you Order Now N. Peica, C. Lehene, N. Leopold, S. Schlucker, and W. Kiefer (2007) wrote, â€Å"MSG or E621, the sodium salt of glutamic acid, is probably the most common food additive used in many packaged and prepared foods† (p. 604). Because of this, it is easy for MSG to hide. This is especially problematic for people who have a sensitivity to MSG. Reporter Sandra Blakeslee (1990) wrote, â€Å"Several months ago Jack Samuels, a Chicago businessman, carefully read the label on a box of breakfast cereal and decided it was safe to eat. An hour later, however, Mr. Samuels collapsed in his physician’s office after a treadmill test. ‘As I started to lose consciousness, I knew it was an MSG attack,’ he said† (p. C3). The article went on to report that the FDA allows several different names for MSG; sometimes the pseudonyms make it difficult for consumers to realize they are ingesting MSG. In its monohydrate form, the â€Å"two carboxy groups of MSG twist to an equal but opposite extent with respect to the carbon chain (Peica et al. 2006, p. 606). In its anhydrous form, â€Å"Anhydrous MSG is arched and two hydrogen bond interactions are possible† (Peica et al. 2006, p. 607). Either way, the result is the formation of white crystals. The crystals don’t have any flavor; however, its chemical make-up allows it to enhance the flavor of other foods. MSG concentrations can be as low as 10-5, or much higher. Michelle Meadows (2003) expressed that the 1995 FASEB report confirmed that MSG is safe if consumed moderately. She added that there is a group of people who is sensitive to MSG if more than 3 grams are consumed at a meal (a typical serving is 0.5 grams). She wrote that some severe and poorly controlled asthmatics also have trouble with MSG consumption. For them, the lack of labeling is problematic because labels only have to reflect foods that have MSG added to them, not foods that contain it naturally, like tomatoes, cheeses, soy sauce, and some meats. Chris Kilham (2006) pointed out that a vast number of foods contain MSG, although there are plenty of studies that prove its harmful effects. He wrote, â€Å"Studies have shown that mice fed large amounts of MSG suffer destruction of brain cells †¦ Several years ago, baby food manufacturers stopped using MSG under intense public pressure. However, MSG remains in popular use† (p. 25). He added that the risk of using MSG is unnecessary, since it has absolutely no nutritional value. Angelica Soares, Joao Paulo Ferreira Schoffen, Elsa Maria De Gouveia, and Maria Raquel Marcal Natali (2006) also looked at the disturbing effect MSG had on rats. They studied infant rats and found that the bay rats that ingested MSG showed high levels of NADH-diaphorase. The NADH caused nerve damage, as well as caused the baby rats to retain more adipose tissue that the ones not given MSG. The conclusion of the study was that not only did MSG contribute to obesity; it also caused a deterioration in the intestinal lining. M. Hermanussen, A.P. Garcia, M. Sunder, M. Voigt, V. Salazar, and J.A.F. Tresguerres (2006) agreed with Soares et al (2006), but added some interesting findings of their own. They looked at glutamic acid (GLU), since it is a major component in glutamine. The study started with administering MSG to pregnant rats, then to the offspring of the rats. Obviously, there was a control group not receiving MSG, except what was normally found in the regular feed. The conclusion was that male rats showed a lot more damage from the MSG than female rats did. Obesity was the obvious result, but, in part, because the MSG-fed rats ate more. This indicated that GLU significantly increased appetite. The group noted, too, that the MSG-fed rats retained much more adipose tissue that the rats that weren’t fed MSG. As well, it was noted that the same nerve damage found in the study by Soares et al. (2006) was consistent with the findings by Hermanussen et al. (2006). Hermanussen et al. clearly discovered impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in their rats, as a result of â€Å"GH burst frequency† (p. 30). Despite statements that there is no definite evidence that MSG causes negative reactions, very recent studies prove the contrary. Since MSG does not add any nutritional value to food, it might be wise to avoid it, especially in large quantities. The studies show that MSG is linked to nerve damage, obesity, voracity, and diabetes. We also know that chemical make-up of the product is more likely to affect men and asthmatics – meaning that a significant number of Americans may suffer adverse reaction s from MSG, and some of them don’t even know why. References Blakeslee, S. (1990, March 6). With MSG sensitivity still at issue in studies, label rules tighten. New York Times, p. C3. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007 from the ProQuest database. Hermanussen, M., Garcia, A.P., Sunder, M., Voigt, M., Salazar, V., Tresguerres, J.A.F. (2006). Obesity, voracity, and short stature: The impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 25-31. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database. Kilham, C. (2006, March/April). The dangers of chemical food additives. Share Guide, p. 25. Meadows, M. (2003, January/February). A common flavor enhancer. FDA Consumer, p. 35. Pieca, N., Lehene, C., Leopold, N., Schlucker, S., Kiefer, W. (2006). Monosodium glutamate in its anhydrous and monohydrate form: Differentiation by Raman spectroscopies and density functional calculations. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 604-615. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the ScienceDirect database. Soares, A., Schoffen, J.P.F., De Gouveia, E.M., Natali, M.R.M. (2006). Effects of the neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate on myenteric neurons and the intestinal wall in the ileum of rats. Journal of Gastroenterology, 41, 674-680. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database.                   How to cite MSG: The Chemical and Biological Reactions, Essay examples

the wave Essay Example For Students

the wave Essay GRANT OF LICENSE. This EULA grants you the following rights:(Software Installation and Use. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this EULA, you may only install, use, access, run, or otherwise interact with (RUN) one copy of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT on the COMPUTER. The SOFTWARE PRODUCT may not be installed, accessed, displayed, run, shared or used concurrently on or from different computers, including a workstation, terminal or other digital electronic device. (Back-up Copy. If Manufacturer has not included a back-up copy of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT with the COMPUTER, you may make a single back-up copy of the computer software portion of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT. You may use the back-up copy solely for archival purposes. Back-up Utility. If the SOFTWARE PRODUCT includes a Microsoft back-up utility you may use the utility to make the single back-up copy. After the single back-up copy is made, the backup utility will be permanently disabled. 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You may not loan, rent, lease, lend or otherwise transfer the other medium to another user, except as part of the permanent transfer (as provided above) of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT. 6. PRODUCT SUPPORT. Product support for the SOFTWARE PRODUCT is not provided by MS, Microsoft Corporation, or their affiliates or subsidiaries. For product support, please refer to Manufacturers support number provided in the documentation for the HARDWARE. Should you have any questions concerning this EULA, or if you desire to contact Manufacturer for any other reason, please refer to the address provided in the documentation for the HARDWARE. 7. EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. If this EULA is not labeled and the SOFTWARE PRODUCT is not identified as North America Only Version above, on the Product Identification Card, or on the SOFTWARE PRODUCT packaging or other written materials, then the following terms apply: You agree that you will not export or re-export the SOFTWARE PRODUCT, any part thereof, or any process or service that is the direct product of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT (the foregoing collectively referred to as the Restricted Components), to any country, person or entity subject to U.S. export restrictions. You specifically agree not to export or re-export any of the Restricted Components (i) to any country to which the U.S. has embargoed or restricted the export of goods or services, which currently include, but are not necessarily limited to Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria, or to any national of any such country, wherever located, who intends to transmit or transport the Restricted Components back to su ch country; (ii) to any person or entity who you know or have reason to know will utilize the Restricted Components in the design, development or production of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons; or (iii) to any person or entity who has been prohibited from participating in U.S. export transactions by any federal agency of the U.S. government. You warrant and represent that neither the BXA nor any other U.S. federal agency has suspended, revoked or denied your export privileges. Non-Exportable Encryption. 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You warrant and represent that neither the BXA nor any other U.S. federal agency has suspended, revoked or denied your export privileges.